NACC PSW EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026-2027

Responsive behaviours express unmet needs, fear or confusion and are not intentional abuse. Any resulting harm to others must still be reported and managed safely.

Listen calmly, take it seriously, reassure the client, do not promise to keep it secret, and report it immediately. Document the client's own words.

Record objective facts: what was seen and heard, the date and time, and the client's exact words. Do not include opinions or assumptions.

Yes. Physical, verbal or sexual harm between residents must be stopped safely, reported, and documented, even if the resident has dementia.

Caregiver stress or burnout, dependence on others, social isolation, cognitive impairment such as dementia, and substance misuse.

Yelling, mocking, ignoring, threatening, treating a client like a child, and withholding attention or care as punishment.

Fearfulness, withdrawal, anxiety, depression, changes in sleep or appetite, and a client who seems afraid to speak in front of a particular person.

Missing money or belongings, unpaid bills despite adequate funds, sudden changes to a will or bank accounts, and a person pressuring the client about money.

Dehydration, weight loss or malnutrition, poor hygiene, soiled clothing, untreated sores or pressure injuries, missed medications, and an unsafe living environment.

Unexplained bruises, burns, fractures or cuts, injuries in different stages of healing, marks in a pattern (such as a handprint), and an explanation that does not match the injury.

Bruising or bleeding in the genital area, torn or bloody clothing, sexually transmitted infections, fear of being touched, and sudden behaviour changes.

Physical, emotional or psychological, sexual, and financial abuse, along with neglect.

Refusing to leave the client alone with others, controlling or isolating the client, blaming the client for injuries, and showing little concern for the client's needs.

Every alleged, suspected or witnessed incident of abuse or neglect must be taken seriously, reported, investigated and acted on. Homes are required to have a written zero tolerance policy.

Screening and training of staff, adequate staffing, an open culture where concerns can be reported, support for stressed caregivers, and respect for resident rights.

Failure to provide for a client's basic needs such as food, hygiene, medication, safety or care, whether intentional or unintentional.

A person's inability or refusal to meet their own basic needs for food, hygiene, medication or safety. Report it to the supervisor, since capable adults may still refuse help.

Everyone, including those who work with children, must promptly report reasonable grounds to suspect a child is in need of protection to a children's aid society under the Child, Youth and Family Services Act, 2017.

Observe closely, protect the client, report concerns immediately, document factually, and never ignore or excuse signs of abuse.

The Fixing Long-Term Care Act, 2021 protects people who report in good faith from retaliation such as discipline, dismissal or intimidation.

Make sure the client is safe, report immediately to the supervisor, and document what was seen and heard objectively. Do not confront the person or investigate alone.

Do not confront anyone. Ensure personal and client safety, report to the supervisor, and follow agency policy. Call 911 if there is immediate danger.

Report immediately to the supervisor and follow agency policy. Call 911 if the client is in immediate danger or a crime is in progress.

When restraints are applied without proper authorization, as punishment, or for staff convenience.

When a crime is suspected, such as assault or sexual assault, or when someone is in immediate danger, in line with employer policy and the supervisor's direction.

Only those who need to know, such as the supervisor and investigators. Do not discuss it with other staff, other clients or family members.

Anyone with reasonable grounds to suspect abuse or neglect that caused or may cause harm must report it immediately to the Director under the Fixing Long-Term Care Act, 2021. PSWs also tell their supervisor right away.

Reports go to the Registrar of the Retirement Homes Regulatory Authority under the Retirement Homes Act, 2010, and the PSW also informs the supervisor right away.

Fear of retaliation, dependence on the abuser, shame, cognitive impairment, and a belief that nothing will change.

The abuser takes advantage of a position of power, trust or authority over a person who depends on them for care.

Burning with urination, frequency, urgency, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, and lower abdominal discomfort. In older adults, new confusion may be the first sign.

Hormones are chemical messengers released into the blood by endocrine glands such as the thyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands.

Cool, pale or bluish skin, weak pulses, swelling, numbness or tingling, and slow wound healing.

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue.

Layers: epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Functions: protection, temperature regulation, sensation, and vitamin D production.

Support, protection of organs, movement, storage of minerals such as calcium, and production of blood cells in bone marrow.

The cerebrum handles thinking, memory and voluntary movement. The cerebellum controls balance and coordination. The brain stem controls vital functions such as breathing and heart rate.

Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys filter blood, make urine, and balance fluids and electrolytes.

The liver makes bile, and the gallbladder stores and releases it to help digest fats.

Skeletal muscle (voluntary, moves the body), smooth muscle (involuntary, found in organs and vessels) and cardiac muscle (involuntary, found only in the heart).

Arteries become stiffer, blood pressure often rises, and the heart responds more slowly to activity. Clients may tire more easily.

Less saliva, slower movement through the gut, reduced appetite, and a higher risk of constipation and swallowing difficulty.

Bradycardia is a slow heart rate, generally below 60 beats per minute. Tachycardia is a fast heart rate, generally above 100 beats per minute.

Systolic is the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts. Diastolic is the pressure when the heart relaxes between beats. A typical normal reading is about 120/80 mm Hg.

ADL is activities of daily living, NPO is nothing by mouth, and PRN is as needed.

Hyper- means above normal or excessive, and hypo- means below normal or deficient. For example, hypertension is high blood pressure and hypotension is low blood pressure.

-itis means inflammation (arthritis is joint inflammation). -ectomy means surgical removal (appendectomy is removal of the appendix).

Proximal means closer to the trunk or point of attachment. Distal means farther from the trunk. For example, the elbow is proximal to the wrist.

Insulin, made by the pancreas, lowers blood glucose by helping glucose move from the blood into the body's cells.

Pale yellow to amber and clear. Dark, concentrated urine may signal dehydration, and cloudy, bloody or foul-smelling urine should be reported.

Involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion and breathing. The sympathetic branch drives the fight-or-flight response, and the parasympathetic branch promotes rest and digestion.

Presbycusis, a gradual loss of hearing, especially for high-pitched sounds.

A permanent shortening of muscle, tendon or joint tissue, usually from immobility. Regular range of motion exercises and correct positioning help prevent it.

A bluish colour of the lips, nail beds or skin caused by low oxygen in the blood. It is an urgent sign that must be reported immediately.

Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. Report it right away, and help the client into an upright position such as Fowler's.

Swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues, often seen in the ankles and feet. It can be a sign of heart or kidney problems and should be reported.

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment, such as steady temperature, fluid balance and blood sugar.

Wasting and weakening of muscle, commonly caused by disuse or prolonged bed rest.

Wave-like muscle contractions that move food and waste through the digestive tract.

Abduction moves a limb away from the midline of the body. Adduction moves a limb toward the midline.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, usually oxygen-rich. Veins carry blood back to the heart, usually oxygen-poor.

Flexion bends a joint and decreases the angle between bones. Extension straightens a joint and increases the angle.

The central nervous system is the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is the nerves that carry messages between the central nervous system and the rest of the body.

Gas exchange: taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide, which happens in the alveoli of the lungs.

12 to 20 breaths per minute.

60 to 100 beats per minute.

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.

Loss of muscle mass and strength, reduced bone density, stiffer joints, and a slight loss of height. These raise the risk of falls and fractures.

Slower reaction time, reduced reflexes and sensation, and changes in sleep patterns. Reduced sensation raises the risk of burns and pressure injuries.

In women, menopause with lower estrogen, which raises the risk of osteoporosis. In men, prostate enlargement (BPH), which can cause urinary frequency, hesitancy and a weak stream.

Lungs lose elasticity, the cough becomes weaker, and breathing capacity falls. Older adults have a higher risk of respiratory infections such as pneumonia.

Thinner, drier, less elastic and more fragile skin that heals slowly, which increases the risk of tears and pressure injuries.

Difficulty focusing on close objects (presbyopia), sensitivity to glare, a need for more light, and a higher risk of cataracts and glaucoma.

In the small intestine. The large intestine mainly absorbs water and forms stool.

The female urethra is short and close to the anus. Wiping front to back during perineal care and encouraging fluids help reduce the risk.

Face the person, speak clearly without shouting, reduce background noise, and make sure hearing aids are clean, working and in place.

Encourage fluids, fibre, regular activity and a toileting routine. Report if the client has no bowel movement for the number of days set by the care plan.

Check feet daily for cuts, blisters and redness, wash and dry well between the toes, ensure well-fitting shoes, and report any sore. Follow employer policy on nail care.

Cataracts cloud the lens, glaucoma damages the optic nerve, and macular degeneration reduces central vision. Keep a consistent layout and good lighting.

No smoking, open flames or heat sources nearby, never change the flow rate, check tubing for kinks, and follow the care plan.

Chest pain or pressure, pain spreading to the arm or jaw, shortness of breath, sweating and nausea. Call 911 right away. Women and older adults may have milder or unusual symptoms.

Burning or frequent urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine and lower abdominal pain. In older adults, new confusion may be the only sign. Report promptly.

Shortness of breath, swelling in the legs, sudden weight gain, fatigue and a persistent cough. Report changes promptly.

Increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue and blurred vision. Report them to the nurse.

Fever, cough, shortness of breath and fast breathing, but older adults may only show confusion or weakness. Report right away.

Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, and Time to call 911. Note the time symptoms began.

Support privacy and skin care, and empty the pouch as policy allows. Report skin problems or changes in output, and leave appliance changes to trained staff unless delegated.

A temporary blockage with stroke-like symptoms that go away. It is a warning sign and still an emergency, so call 911.

A progressive disease of nerve cells that control muscles, causing weakness and problems with speech, swallowing and breathing. The mind is often clear, so support communication and dignity.

A condition with airway narrowing, wheezing and breathlessness. Help the client sit upright and use their reliever inhaler as prescribed, and call 911 if breathing does not improve.

A bacterial skin infection that causes red, warm, swollen, painful skin. Report it to the nurse promptly.

A long-term lung disease, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, that causes cough and shortness of breath. Support rest, pursed-lip breathing and avoidance of smoke.

Persistently high blood pressure that raises the risk of stroke, heart and kidney disease. The PSW measures blood pressure only if trained, reports abnormal readings and supports healthy routines.

An autoimmune disease that damages the covering of nerves, causing fatigue, weakness, vision and balance problems. Avoid overheating and pace activities.

A condition of thin, fragile bones. Prevent falls, encourage weight-bearing activity and support calcium and vitamin D intake as the care plan directs.

A nervous system disease causing tremor, stiffness, slow movement and balance problems. Allow extra time, encourage independence and watch for falls and swallowing problems.

Poor circulation in the limbs. Signs include cold, pale feet and leg pain when walking. Protect the skin, support foot care and report wounds.

Stay calm, note the time, protect the head, loosen tight clothing, never restrain or put anything in the mouth, and turn the person on their side afterward. Call 911 if it lasts over five minutes or repeats.

A life-threatening reaction to infection. Signs include fever or low temperature, fast heart rate and breathing, and confusion. Report immediately.

A painful blistering rash on one side of the body caused by the chickenpox virus. Cover the rash, use hand hygiene and report. It can spread to people without immunity until blisters crust.

Osteoarthritis is joint wear and tear. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that inflames the joints. Both cause pain and stiffness.

Type 1 means the body makes little or no insulin. In type 2 the body does not use insulin well. Both need monitoring of blood sugar, diet and activity.

Provide comfort and personal care, watch for side effects such as fatigue and nausea, follow infection precautions when immunity is low, and offer emotional support.

Follow the surgeon's hip precautions exactly, such as not bending the hip past the limit set, and not crossing legs. Report pain, redness or sudden changes.

Kidneys lose their ability to filter waste, so fluid and diet limits often apply. Protect the dialysis access arm by avoiding blood pressure checks and tight clothing there.

Check that a phone and emergency contacts are within reach, watch for safety concerns and changes in condition, and report them promptly.

Ask about beliefs and practices, respect them, allow time for prayer or rituals, and help arrange visits from a chaplain or faith leader if the client wishes.

Long-term care homes are publicly regulated and funded for people with higher care needs. Retirement homes are privately paid, regulated under the Retirement Homes Act, 2010, and offer more independence.

Basic physical and safety needs must be met first. Higher needs such as belonging and self-esteem are then supported through respect, social contact and meaningful activity.

The people the client considers family, which may include relatives, partners, friends and chosen family. The client's definition guides who is involved.

Listen calmly, do not argue or take sides, stay professional, and report the concern to the supervisor so it can be addressed properly.

Treat them as normal, provide privacy, knock before entering, avoid judgment, and report concerns about consent or safety to the supervisor.

Share personal health information only with the client's consent or legal authority. Refer questions about diagnosis or treatment to the nurse.

Nuclear, extended, single-parent, blended, same-sex and chosen families. Each may have different roles, values and needs.

That aging means illness, that all older adults are frail or in care homes, and that dementia is normal aging. Most older adults live independently, and dementia is a disease.

Young adulthood is intimacy versus isolation. Middle adulthood is generativity versus stagnation, which is about contributing to others and the next generation.

Exhaustion, irritability, withdrawal from friends, sleep problems, poor health, and feeling overwhelmed or hopeless.

From the base up: physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

Providing emotional support, nurturing and socialization, protection and safety, and economic and practical support for its members.

Determines a client's eligibility, assesses needs, arranges publicly funded services such as PSW support and nursing, and reviews the plan as needs change.

Living safely in one's own home and community for as long as possible, supported by services such as home care and assistive devices.

It helps eligible people pay for equipment such as wheelchairs, walkers, hearing aids and oxygen equipment.

A move between care settings. PSWs help by following the new care plan, watching for changes, and reporting concerns so care stays continuous.

A community program that delivers meals to people who cannot easily shop or cook, often with a safety check and social contact.

A button or pendant that lets a client call for help from home. Check that the client wears it and that it works as the care plan directs.

Stereotyping or discriminating based on age. Use the client's preferred name, avoid terms like dear or honey, and never speak to an adult like a child.

A community program offering supervised social, recreational and health activities during the day, which also gives family caregivers respite.

Sharing memories of the past. It builds identity and self-esteem, strengthens connection, and is especially useful for clients with memory loss.

Temporary care that gives family caregivers a break, such as in-home help, adult day programs, or a short stay in a care home.

Housing with on-site support services such as personal care, meals or housekeeping, allowing residents to live as independently as possible.

Integrity versus despair. Older adults reflect on life and either feel satisfaction and acceptance or regret and bitterness.

Retirement, loss of a spouse or friends, loss of roles, reduced income, and reduced independence, all of which can affect mood and self-worth.

They provide unpaid care and know the client well. PSWs respect their knowledge, involve them as the client agrees, and support them without replacing their role.

Use an approved interpreter service or communication aids and speak slowly with gestures. Avoid using a child or family member for sensitive information.

Education, support groups, counselling and referrals for people living with dementia and their families.

Ontario Health atHome, which took over from the former Home and Community Care Support Services organizations. Care coordinators assess needs and arrange services.

They support mental stimulation, social contact, mood and quality of life. Offer activities based on the client's interests and abilities.

They increase the risk of depression, poor health and cognitive decline. Encourage visits, calls, groups and meaningful activity.

It helps the PSW recognize what is typical at each life stage, notice problems early, and provide respectful, age-appropriate support.

They support continuity of care and billing and serve as a legal record of care provided.

Count without telling the client, right after taking the pulse while keeping your fingers on the wrist. One rise and fall of the chest is one breath. Count for a full minute if irregular.

Rehabilitation is a structured program led by therapists, while restorative care is a daily approach used by all staff during routine care to maintain function.

Use the right cuff size on the bare upper arm, with the client seated and rested and the arm supported at heart level, and place the cuff just above the elbow over the brachial artery.

Draw a single line through the error, write error, then initial and date it. Never erase, use correction fluid, or scribble it out.

Ask the client about location, type, onset and what helps, and use a 0 to 10 or faces scale. For clients who cannot speak, watch for grimacing, moaning, restlessness or guarding. Report all pain.

Hours run from 0000 to 2359. For example, 1:30 PM is 1330 and midnight is 0000.

For one full minute, since counting for a shorter time can give an inaccurate rate.

Deal with safety issues and urgent needs first, then scheduled care, and ask the supervisor for help when the workload cannot be managed safely.

Use only your own login, never share passwords, log out when finished, and open only the records of clients you are caring for, as required by PHIPA.

Let the agency know the schedule, carry contact numbers, check the home for hazards, trust instincts, and leave and report if the situation is unsafe.

Use the same scale at the same time of day, with similar clothing, after the client has voided. Report sudden weight gain or loss.

Use objective, factual language and the client's own words in quotation marks. Avoid opinions and judgmental terms.

Record them immediately after measuring, with the correct units and time, and never guess. Report abnormal values to the nurse.

Tachypnea is fast breathing, generally above 20 breaths per minute. Bradypnea is slow breathing, generally below 12 per minute.

Write legibly in the approved ink, include the date and time, record facts promptly, sign each entry, and chart only what you did or saw.

Temperature, pulse, respirations and blood pressure. Oxygen saturation and pain are often assessed alongside them.

Oral is about 37 degrees Celsius, axillary is about 0.5 degrees lower, and rectal is about 0.5 degrees higher.

Any reading outside the limits set in the client's care plan or usual range, especially with dizziness, headache, chest pain or confusion.

Do not share personal phone numbers or social media, accept gifts or money, take on tasks outside the care plan, or bring personal problems into the visit.

Sudden confusion, trouble breathing, chest pain, new or worse pain, fever, skin changes, falls, decreased intake, and any change from the client's normal.

The percentage of haemoglobin carrying oxygen, measured with a pulse oximeter. Normal is generally 95 to 100 percent, and some clients, such as those with COPD, have a lower target set by the care team.

Situation, Background, Assessment and Recommendation, a structured way to communicate concerns to the nurse or supervisor.

If care or an observation is not recorded, there is no proof it happened, which matters for continuity of care and legal accountability.

The client's address, emergency contacts, how to call 911, key medical information, and the agency's after-hours number.

A meeting of the care team, the client and family to review and update the plan of care. PSW observations are an important contribution.

A written plan describing the client's needs, goals and the care to be provided. It is developed with the client, family and team and is followed by the PSW.

A pattern of deep, fast breaths alternating with periods of no breathing, often seen near the end of life. Report it and stay with the client.

A standardized assessment tool used in Ontario long-term care and home care to assess a client's needs and help build the plan of care.

A drop in blood pressure when standing up, causing dizziness or fainting. Help clients change position slowly and sit if they feel dizzy.

An approach that helps clients keep or regain as much independence and function as possible in daily activities, instead of doing everything for them.

Sharing key information about each client with the oncoming team at shift change, such as changes in condition, new orders and concerns. It must be accurate, brief and kept confidential.

Subjective data is what the client says or feels, such as I have a headache. Objective data is what can be observed or measured, such as a temperature reading or a rash.

A guest in the client's home. Respect the client's routines and belongings, follow the care plan, and keep professional boundaries.

Follow the plan, observe how the client responds, and report changes and useful information to the nurse so the plan can be updated.

The radial pulse at the wrist is most common, and the carotid and apical pulses are also used. Note the rate, rhythm and strength.

Respect the client's right to refuse, never force care, find out why, offer choices or try again later, then report to the nurse and document the refusal.

About 38 degrees Celsius or higher. Report it to the nurse promptly, especially in older or frail clients.

If the client is confused, unconscious, having seizures, has mouth sores or surgery, breathes through the mouth, or has just eaten, drunk or smoked (wait about 15 minutes).

An arm with an IV, a dialysis access site, a cast or injury, or on the side of a mastectomy or lymph node removal.

Sight, hearing, smell and touch. For example, noticing skin colour, a cough, an unusual odour, or warm, swollen skin.

Unresponsiveness, chest pain, severe difficulty breathing, signs of stroke, severe bleeding, choking that cannot be cleared, or a suspected severe allergic reaction, following employer policy.

Goals that reflect the client's own values and wishes are more meaningful and more likely to succeed, which supports person-centred care.

PSWs spend the most time with clients, so they are often the first to notice changes. Early reporting can prevent complications and hospital admissions.

Entries must reflect what actually happened and who did it. Charting ahead or for others is inaccurate and can be a serious breach of professional practice.

Unapproved abbreviations can be misread and lead to errors. Use the employer's approved list.

Roughly 1.5 to 2 litres (6 to 8 cups) unless a care plan restricts fluids.

Choose fresh foods over processed ones, read labels, rinse canned foods, and flavour food with herbs and spices instead of salt.

Provide a pleasant mealtime setting, offer oral care beforehand, serve small frequent meals and favourite foods, and address pain, nausea or constipation.

Offer fluids often, use the client's preferred drinks and cups, keep drinks within reach, offer foods with high water content, and record intake as required.

Use separate cutting boards and utensils for raw meat and ready-to-eat food, wash hands and surfaces, and store raw meat below other foods in the refrigerator.

It shows whether a serving has a little or a lot of a nutrient. As a guide, 5% DV or less is a little and 15% DV or more is a lot.

Sitting upright at about 90 degrees with the head slightly forward, and kept upright for at least 30 minutes after the meal to lower the risk of aspiration and reflux.

Follow agency policy, keep receipts, count the change with the client, record the transaction, and never borrow money or accept gifts.

Ask the client about their preferences and follow them. Examples include halal, kosher, and vegetarian practices, and fasting at certain times.

Follow garment care labels, sort items, wear gloves with soiled linen, and wash soiled items separately in the hottest water the fabric allows.

Wash dishes in hot soapy water and rinse, use clean cloths, sanitize counters and cutting boards, and wash hands before handling food.

Refrigerator at 4 degrees Celsius or lower and freezer at minus 18 degrees Celsius. Label and date stored food.

Serve regular meals and snacks with consistent carbohydrates, record how much is eaten, and report a missed meal or poor intake to the nurse.

Poultry should reach 74 degrees Celsius and ground meat 71 degrees Celsius.

Hives, swelling of the face, lips or throat, difficulty breathing, wheezing, dizziness and a drop in blood pressure. Call 911 immediately and assist with an epinephrine auto-injector only as policy allows.

Dry mouth and lips, dark concentrated urine, dizziness, weakness, headache, sunken eyes, weight loss, and new confusion in older adults.

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy. Proteins build and repair tissue. Fats provide concentrated energy and help absorb fat-soluble vitamins.

Fill half the plate with vegetables and fruits, a quarter with whole grain foods, and a quarter with protein foods. Make water the drink of choice.

Sit at eye level, offer small bites, wait until each bite is swallowed, alternate foods and fluids, avoid rushing, and describe the food to a client with vision loss.

Loose rugs, clutter, poor lighting, cords, wet floors, missing or non-working smoke alarms, and unsafe stairs.

Difficulty swallowing. Signs include coughing or choking when eating, a wet or gurgly voice, drooling, holding food in the cheeks, and repeated chest infections.

The International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative, a global framework with levels 0 to 7 that describe food textures and drink thickness. Follow the level in the care plan.

Measuring and recording all fluids taken in and all fluids lost, usually in millilitres, to assess fluid balance. One ounce is about 30 mL.

Vegetarians avoid meat, and some also avoid fish, eggs or dairy. Vegans avoid all animal products. Both need protein from sources such as beans, lentils, tofu and nuts.

Support safe and adequate intake, follow diet orders, respect preferences, and observe and report changes in eating, drinking, weight and swallowing.

Perform only the tasks listed in the care plan, follow the client's own routines, and never throw out or move belongings without permission.

Fibre supports bowel regularity and helps prevent constipation. Sources include whole grains, vegetables, fruits, beans and lentils.

Between 4 and 60 degrees Celsius, where bacteria multiply quickly. Keep cold food at 4 degrees or below and hot food at 60 degrees or above.

Follow the care plan exactly, record all fluids, offer mouth care and ice chips only if allowed, and do not give extra fluids. Report thirst or swelling.

Stop feeding, keep the client upright, and report to the nurse. These can be signs of aspiration.

Poor intake, refusal of meals, unintended weight loss, trouble chewing or swallowing, and any change from the client's usual pattern.

The client's preferences, dietary restrictions, cultural practices, budget, and Canada's Food Guide, with the client involved in choices.

A reduced sense of thirst, fear of incontinence, medications such as diuretics, and limited mobility to get drinks.

They keep bones strong and help reduce the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.

To help control blood pressure and fluid retention, commonly in heart disease, kidney disease and hypertension.

Thin fluids flow quickly and can enter the airway, causing aspiration and pneumonia.

The mixture releases toxic gas. Use products as labelled and read the WHMIS label and safety data sheet.

Wrinkles and crumbs press into the skin and can cause pressure injuries and discomfort.

It promotes independence and appetite, keeps familiar routines, and supports dignity and self-esteem.

All the nutrient amounts on the label are based on that serving size, so it must be compared with the amount the client actually eats.

It restricts controlled acts, such as giving a medication by injection, to authorized professionals or people delegated by them. A PSW may not perform them without proper delegation.

Sitting upright, or as upright as possible, with a full glass of water, and stay upright afterward for the time directed. Report any swallowing problems.

Wash hands, wear gloves, apply only as the care plan directs to clean, dry skin, rotate patch sites, remove the old patch first, and report any skin irritation.

Record the date, time, what help was given, the client's response, and any refusal or concern. Sign the entry and never record before the task is done.

Return them to a pharmacy. Do not flush them or put them in the trash, and follow employer policy.

In their original containers, in a cool, dry place away from heat, light and moisture, out of reach of children, with refrigerated items kept in the fridge as labelled.

Oral, sublingual, topical, inhaled, rectal, transdermal, eye, ear and nose drops, and injection.

Rash, hives, itching, swelling of the face, lips or throat, wheezing, trouble breathing and dizziness. Severe reactions are emergencies, so call 911 and follow employer policy.

Shakiness, sweating, hunger, pallor, irritability, confusion and weakness. Report right away and follow the care plan for treatment.

Right client, right drug, right dose, right route, right time and right documentation. Some programs teach additional rights, so follow employer policy.

By mouth, twice a day, three times a day, four times a day, at bedtime, and as needed. Many employers limit the use of abbreviations, so follow employer policy.

PRN means as needed. The PSW does not decide when to give it and should contact the nurse if a client asks for or seems to need a PRN medication.

Grapefruit juice with certain drugs, dairy with some antibiotics, vitamin K foods with warfarin, and alcohol with many medications. Follow the label and pharmacist advice.

Client name, drug name and strength, dose, directions, route, quantity, prescriber, pharmacy, fill date and expiry date.

Medications pre-sorted by the pharmacy into doses by day and time. It reduces mix-ups and missed doses.

A medication that increases urine output. Watch for dehydration, dizziness and falls, keep the toilet within easy reach, and report concerns.

A change in how a drug works because of another drug, food, drink or supplement. It can raise the risk of side effects or lower the drug's effect.

A record of each medication ordered and when it was given. Document only what employer policy allows a PSW to record.

The PSW does not give insulin unless properly delegated. Observe for signs of low and high blood sugar and report them promptly.

The client self-administers. The PSW may remind the client, make sure the device is within reach, observe, and report breathing difficulty or a poor response.

A device that delivers epinephrine for anaphylaxis. Call 911 right away and follow employer policy and any training or delegation for the client's own device.

A regulated health professional authorizes a PSW to perform a controlled act for a specific client, with training and ongoing support. It applies to that client only and cannot be passed to anyone else.

The use of many medications at the same time, often five or more. It raises the risk of interactions, side effects, falls and confusion, especially in older adults.

The generic name is the active ingredient. The brand name is the manufacturer's trade name. One drug can have both, so check with the nurse or pharmacist if unsure.

A side effect is an expected, usually mild, unwanted effect. An adverse reaction is a harmful, unintended response. Report both to the nurse.

Assisting means helping a client who directs their own medication, such as reminders, opening containers or handing over the dose. Administering is done by a nurse or other authorized provider, or by a PSW only with valid delegation.

Remind the client, open containers, hand over a dose or help with positioning, when the client can direct their own care and the care plan and employer policy allow it.

Watch for bruising, nosebleeds, bleeding gums, or blood in urine or stool. Use a soft toothbrush and electric razor, and report any fall or bleeding at once.

Help the client sit and rest, let the client use their own medication as prescribed, call 911 if the pain is severe or does not ease, and notify the nurse. Follow the care plan.

Do not force the dose or alter the pill. Report to the nurse, who can ask the pharmacist about another form of the medication.

Never give extra to make up for it. Report to the nurse or supervisor right away, follow instructions and document as policy requires.

Respect the refusal, never force it or hide it in food or drink, and report it to the nurse and document it.

Report it to the nurse or supervisor. Do not advise the client to stop or change the medication, and document the concern.

Do not assist. Contact the nurse or supervisor for clarification, because guessing can cause serious harm.

Extreme drowsiness, confusion, slow or shallow breathing, vomiting, or being hard to wake. Call 911 for severe symptoms and follow employer policy.

Kidney and liver function slow down and body composition changes, so drugs stay in the body longer. This increases the risk of side effects, falls and confusion.

It prevents contamination of medications and the spread of infection. Wash or sanitize hands before touching a client's medication.

Medications are prescribed for one person only. Sharing can cause allergic reactions, harmful interactions or overdose.

These can interact with prescribed medications. The nurse and pharmacist need a complete list to keep the client safe.

Extended-release and coated tablets can release too much drug at once or lose their effect. Ask the nurse or pharmacist first.

No. Capacity is specific to each decision and can change. Presume capacity unless it has been assessed, and involve the substitute decision-maker only when the person is found incapable.

Provide a quiet setting, a simple plate with one food at a time, finger foods if needed, and cues and time. Watch for swallowing problems and report weight loss.

Keep a safe distance and an exit path, do not block the door, call for help, and report and document the incident under workplace violence policy.

Listen, explain changes in simple terms, share coping tips, refer them to the nurse and to the Alzheimer Society, and encourage respite and self-care.

Remove hazards, keep pathways clear and well lit, secure doors and dangerous items, use simple signs, reduce noise, and avoid frequent rearranging.

Dementia is gradual and progressive. Delirium is sudden, fluctuating and often reversible. Depression is a mood disorder and treatable. Report any sudden change.

They may not say so. Look for grimacing, moaning, restlessness, resisting care or changes in behaviour, and report these to the nurse.

Stay calm and with the client, speak slowly, encourage slow breathing, move to a quiet place if possible, and report to the nurse.

Stay calm, do not argue or agree with the belief, reassure the client about their safety, explain what you are doing, and report to the nurse.

Stay calm, do not scold or embarrass the person, redirect, provide privacy, protect others and report and document as policy directs.

Infection such as a urinary tract infection, dehydration, pain, constipation, medication changes, surgery and an unfamiliar environment. Report any sudden change in thinking right away.

That it is a weakness, that people cannot recover, or that most people with mental illness are violent. Most people recover or manage well with support.

Excessive worry, restlessness, fast heartbeat, sweating, trouble sleeping and avoiding situations. Stay calm, reassure the client and report concerns.

Persistent sadness, loss of interest, changes in sleep or appetite, fatigue, hopelessness, irritability and vague physical complaints. Report these to the nurse.

Memory loss that disrupts daily life, trouble planning, confusion about time or place, finding words, misplacing items, poor judgment and mood changes.

A Canadian education program that teaches staff to respond to responsive behaviours in dementia with respect, calm communication and de-escalation. Follow the approaches your employer teaches.

Keep a steady routine, explain each step, give one instruction at a time, offer simple choices, protect privacy, and use a calm, unhurried approach, especially at bath time.

Stay calm, use a soft voice, give space, do not argue, look for triggers, offer choices and get help if needed.

Actions such as agitation, aggression, calling out or resisting care that are a response to unmet needs, fear or the environment. They are not deliberate misbehaviour.

Tremors, sweating, agitation, hallucinations and seizures. It can be life-threatening, so report immediately and call 911 if severe.

Early (mild) with forgetfulness, middle (moderate) with more confusion and need for help, and late (severe) with total care needs and loss of speech and movement.

Safety, trust, choice, collaboration and empowerment. Explain care before starting, give control where possible and avoid sudden touch.

Talk of death or hopelessness, giving away belongings, withdrawal, or sudden calm after a low mood. Take every sign seriously, never promise secrecy, stay with the person if there is immediate danger, and report right away. Call 911 in an emergency.

Approach from the front, introduce yourself, use short simple sentences, give one step at a time, keep a calm tone, allow time and avoid arguing.

Assessment of a person who may harm themselves or others, without consent in some situations. A PSW does not decide this and reports concerns to the nurse, supervisor or 911.

A sudden, extreme emotional outburst from overstimulation or frustration. Stay calm, reduce noise and demands, give space, never restrain, and report the event.

An identification and support program run with the Alzheimer Society that helps find a person with dementia who has gone missing. Follow the care plan on its use.

The most common cause of dementia. It is progressive, usually starting with memory loss, and worsens over time.

A mood disorder with swings between elevated or irritable mood (mania) and depression. It is managed with medication and support.

An umbrella term for a decline in memory, thinking and judgment severe enough to affect daily life. It is caused by brain diseases and is not normal aging.

Dementia that mainly affects personality, behaviour and language, often beginning at a younger age than Alzheimer's disease.

Dementia with visual hallucinations, fluctuating alertness and Parkinson-like movement problems.

A state of well-being in which a person realizes their abilities, copes with normal stresses, works productively and contributes to their community.

A health condition that affects thinking, mood or behaviour and causes distress or difficulty functioning. It can be treated and managed.

Care that focuses on the person's history, preferences, abilities and dignity rather than only the disease.

A condition that can follow a traumatic event. Signs include flashbacks, nightmares, being constantly on guard and avoiding reminders.

Gently shifting the person's attention to another activity or topic when they are upset, after first acknowledging their feelings.

A chronic condition that can involve hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and withdrawal. It is treatable with medication and support.

Negative attitudes toward people with mental illness. Use respectful language, treat the person and not the label, and challenge myths.

Increased confusion and agitation in late afternoon or evening. Keep routines, good lighting, calm activity, and limit caffeine and overstimulation.

Note what happened before (Antecedent), the Behaviour itself, and what happened after (Consequence). This helps identify triggers so the team can change the approach.

A hallucination is sensing something that is not there, such as hearing voices. A delusion is a fixed false belief. Do not argue, respond to the feeling, keep the person safe and report.

A personal journey toward hope, meaning and well-being. Support the client's strengths, choices and goals.

Acknowledging the person's feelings and view of reality rather than correcting them, for example, "You miss your mother." It reduces distress.

Dementia caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, often after strokes. Decline can occur in steps.

Regular sleep, physical activity, social contact, meaningful activity, good nutrition and time outdoors.

Watch for drowsiness, dry mouth, tremor or restlessness, report them to the nurse, and never encourage a client to stop medication.

Check the immediate area quickly, notify the supervisor right away, give a description and last-seen details, and call 911 as policy directs. Do not delay.

Alcohol misuse and misuse of prescription medications. Approach without judgment, watch for changes, and report concerns to the nurse.

Active listening, open-ended questions, silence, reflecting back feelings, empathy and a calm, respectful tone.

Simple, familiar and meaningful tasks such as music, folding laundry, sorting, walks and photo albums, matched to current abilities so the person succeeds.

Pain, hunger, thirst, needing the toilet, fatigue, boredom, loneliness, noise or fear. Check for these first.

Symptoms may be mistaken for normal aging or dementia, and older adults may not talk about sadness. Physical complaints can hide the problem.

Causes include restlessness, boredom, searching or an unmet need. Offer safe walking and activity, use identification and door alarms as the care plan directs, and keep the environment secure.

The person cannot reason the way they used to, so correcting causes distress and conflict. Respond to the emotion and keep the person safe.

Help the person sit upright, stay calm and stay with them, use a fan or fresh air and oxygen only as the care plan directs, and report to the nurse right away.

Reposition gently and often with pillows for support, keep bedding clean, dry and smooth, and protect and moisturize the skin as the care plan directs.

Close doors and curtains, keep the body covered during care, use the preferred name, speak respectfully and include the person in decisions as far as possible.

Watch for grimacing, moaning, restlessness, guarding, a tense body, rapid breathing or resisting care. Report these signs to the nurse promptly.

Offer a welcoming space, allow time at the bedside, listen with compassion, explain care in plain terms, and refer medical questions to the nurse.

They influence beliefs about death, rituals, who should be present, and care of the body after death. Ask about preferences, respect them and follow the care plan.

Palliative care focuses on comfort, symptom control and quality of life rather than curing the disease.

Assume the person can still hear. Speak softly, explain what you are doing, use gentle touch, and avoid saying anything you would not say if they were awake.

Give frequent, gentle oral care with a soft swab, moisten the mouth and apply lip balm, because dry mouth is very common and uncomfortable.

Listen without judgment, acknowledge the feelings, avoid false reassurance or changing the subject, and report the conversation to the nurse or care team.

No. Loss of appetite and thirst is a natural part of dying. Offer small sips or ice chips if the person wants them and can swallow safely, and report swallowing problems.

Mottled, cool skin, changes in breathing, decreased urine, little or no response, and an inability to swallow. Report changes to the nurse and keep the person comfortable.

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. They are not always experienced in order, and not everyone goes through all of them.

Comfort, dignity, symptom relief, respect for the person's wishes, and support for the family.

Less appetite and thirst, more sleep, weakness, withdrawal from activities, and sometimes confusion.

Staff do not perform CPR if the heart or breathing stops. Know each client's status from the care plan, follow employer policy, and ask the nurse right away if unsure.

A process in which a person thinks about, discusses and documents wishes for future health care, including who will make decisions if they cannot.

A group of professionals, such as physicians, nurses, PSWs, social workers, spiritual care providers and volunteers, who work together to meet physical, emotional, social and spiritual needs.

Grief felt before a death, by the dying person or by family members, as they expect the loss and the changes that come with it.

Intense grief that does not ease over time and keeps a person from functioning. Encourage the person to seek professional support and report concerns to the supervisor.

A type of palliative care focused on the final months of life, provided in a residential hospice, hospital, long-term care home or at home.

A legal option in Canada for eligible adults, provided only by physicians or nurse practitioners. A PSW does not assess or provide it, stays supportive and non-judgmental, and follows employer policy.

Care that improves quality of life for people with a life-limiting illness by preventing and relieving suffering. It can begin at diagnosis and be given alongside treatment.

Noisy breathing caused by secretions the person is too weak to clear. Reposition gently as the care plan directs, report to the nurse, and reassure family that it is common.

Follow employer policy and the care plan, assist the nurse when trained and directed, treat the body with dignity, and respect the family's cultural and religious practices.

Observe and report pain and the effects of medication, such as drowsiness or nausea, and provide comfort measures. The PSW never changes doses or decides on medication.

Provide personal care and comfort, observe and report changes, offer emotional support, and share what is learned about the client's wishes with the team.

The idea that suffering includes physical, emotional, social and spiritual pain, all of which need attention.

Gentle repositioning, warm blankets, a quiet and calm room, music, reading aloud, gentle touch where welcome, and simply being present.

Talk with colleagues or the supervisor, take part in debriefing, use employee support programs, rest, keep work-life boundaries, and take part in memorial rituals.

Stay calm, notify the nurse or supervisor right away, follow the care plan and employer policy, and support the family. A PSW does not pronounce death.

Shortness of breath, nausea, constipation, fatigue, loss of appetite, anxiety and confusion. Report each one so the team can manage it.

Physicians and nurse practitioners, and in some settings a registered nurse for an expected death under employer policy. A PSW never pronounces death.

It lets staff share feelings, acknowledge grief and reduce stress. Take part in debriefing or support offered by the employer.

Many people prefer to die at home or in a familiar place. Learn the wishes from the care plan, share what the client tells you with the nurse, and help the team honour them.

Follow the client's bedtime routine, keep the room quiet, comfortable and dimly lit, address pain and toileting needs, and limit caffeine late in the day.

Lift rather than drag when moving clients, keep nails short and avoid jewellery, pad rough surfaces, use gentle handling and moisturize skin. Report any tear.

Knock before entering, close the door and curtains, expose only the part of the body being washed, and keep the client covered with a towel or blanket.

Position the client on their side, use a soft brush or swab with only a small amount of fluid, and take care to prevent aspiration.

At least twice a day and after meals when needed, or as stated in the care plan.

Announce yourself when entering, describe the surroundings and what you are doing, keep items in consistent places, and offer your arm when guiding rather than pulling the client.

Respect cultural and religious preferences whenever possible and inform the supervisor so the request can be arranged.

Calmly and respectfully. Change soiled clothing and linen promptly, clean and protect the skin, protect dignity, and report new or worsening incontinence.

Wear gloves, clean them with a brush and cool or lukewarm water over a sink lined with a towel or filled with water, and store them in a labelled container of water when not worn. Hot water can warp them.

Clean them with a soft cloth and lens cleaner, store them in a case when not worn, and place them where the client can find them.

Handle gently, keep them dry, remove them before bathing, turn them off and open the battery door when not in use, and store them in a safe place.

From the cleanest area to the dirtiest. Start with the eyes, wiping from the inner corner to the outer corner with a clean part of the cloth for each eye, and finish with the perineal area.

From front to back (from the cleanest area toward the anus), using a clean part of the cloth for each stroke, to avoid spreading bacteria to the urethra.

The basic self-care tasks people do every day: bathing, dressing, grooming, toileting, eating, and moving or transferring.

Respond promptly, follow the client's toileting schedule, provide privacy, assist only as needed, perform perineal care, and help the client wash their hands afterward.

More complex tasks that support independent living, such as meal preparation, housekeeping, laundry, shopping, managing money and medications, and using transportation or a telephone.

A PSW may wash and file nails as the care plan allows, but toenails of these clients are usually not cut by a PSW. Refer to the nurse or a foot care provider, per employer policy.

Clothing chosen by the client, easy fasteners such as Velcro or elastic waists, and well-fitting non-skid footwear.

Ask about and follow the client's preferences and cultural practices, handle hair gently, and never cut hair without permission.

Adequate fluids, fibre in the diet, regular physical activity, a consistent toileting routine and privacy. Report if no bowel movement occurs for several days or as the care plan states.

Offering toileting at regular times or reminding the client at set intervals, which helps maintain continence and reduces accidents.

Follow the care plan, explain each step, protect dignity and privacy, encourage independence, keep the client safe, and observe and report changes.

Never disconnect the tubing, pull on the catheter, let the tubing kink, or place the bag on the floor or above bladder level.

Use non-slip mats, grab bars and a shower chair, test the water temperature, keep supplies within reach, keep the call bell accessible, and never leave a client alone unless the care plan allows it.

Redness, bruises, rashes, blisters, open areas, swelling and dryness, especially over bony areas. Report any change right away.

Check the care plan, perform hand hygiene, gather supplies, introduce yourself, explain what will be done, and obtain the client's consent.

Cloudy, bloody or foul-smelling urine, very little or no urine in the bag, leaking around the catheter, kinked tubing, pain, fever, or redness at the site.

Colour, amount, odour, consistency, frequency, and the presence of blood, mucus or pain. Report any change from the client's normal pattern.

Sores, white patches, bleeding or swollen gums, loose teeth, ill-fitting dentures, or pain, since these can affect eating and indicate infection.

Any change in skin, swelling, pain, appetite, continence, mood, behaviour or ability to move, since personal care gives close contact for noticing changes.

Dress the weaker (affected) side first and undress the stronger side first. This reduces strain and makes dressing easier.

Urgency, rushing, wet floors, poor lighting and night-time trips contribute. Scheduled toileting, good lighting, a reachable call bell and non-skid footwear help.

Reduced sensation and circulation mean small injuries can go unnoticed and become serious infections. Inspect the feet, dry well between the toes, and report any sore, redness or blister.

So urine drains by gravity and cannot flow backward into the bladder, which could cause infection. The bag must also never touch the floor.

It can quickly cause dehydration and skin breakdown and may signal infection such as C. difficile, which requires Additional Precautions.

Moisture trapped under the breasts, in the groin, and between the toes encourages irritation and fungal infection and increases the risk of skin breakdown.

Rushing causes distress and increases the risk of injury and errors. Allow time, let the client set the pace, and offer choices.

It preserves strength and function, supports self-esteem and dignity, and respects independence, which is part of DIPPS.

Anticoagulants increase bleeding, so an electric razor lowers the risk of cuts that bleed heavily.

After toileting and before meals it reduces the spread of infection for the client and for others around them.

Politely decline, explain that policy does not allow it, and tell the supervisor. Accepting gifts can compromise professional boundaries.

Politely decline, explain that the task is outside the PSW role, and report the request to the supervisor or nurse so the right provider can be arranged.

Use short, simple sentences, ask yes or no questions, allow extra time, use gestures or picture boards, and never speak as though the client cannot understand.

Face the client, get their attention first, speak clearly at a normal pace in good light, reduce background noise, and do not shout. Check that hearing aids are in and working.

Long-term care homes, retirement homes, hospitals, community and home care, and group homes.

A PSW works under the direction and supervision of a regulated health professional (such as a registered nurse) or the employer's designated supervisor, and follows the client's care plan.

Specified higher-risk health care procedures (for example, procedures that go below the skin surface or giving a substance by injection) that only authorized regulated professionals may perform, unless properly delegated.

Facial expression, eye contact, tone of voice, posture, gestures and touch. Non-verbal cues can contradict spoken words.

Limits that protect the client from misuse of the caregiver's position, such as no personal relationships, no financial dealings, and no sharing of personal problems with clients.

Accurate, objective, factual, timely, legible, and in the proper format. Record what you observed, not opinions or assumptions.

The right to know about workplace hazards, the right to participate in health and safety, and the right to refuse unsafe work.

Beneficence means acting to benefit the client. Non-maleficence means doing no harm.

Mobility, strength, balance and gait, including exercise programs and walking aids.

Planned activities and programs that promote physical, social, cognitive and emotional well-being.

Assesses nutritional needs and plans therapeutic diets, including texture modification and supplements.

Communication disorders and swallowing problems (dysphagia).

Helping clients perform activities of daily living as independently as possible, including adaptive equipment and changes to the environment.

Dignity, Independence, Preferences, Privacy, and Safety. These five principles guide person-centred care in every task a PSW performs.

PSWs do not belong to a regulatory college with a protected title under Ontario's health professions legislation. Their practice is controlled through employer policy, the care plan, training, and the law.

The person can understand the information relevant to a decision and can appreciate the reasonably foreseeable consequences of making or not making it.

How health care providers and their agents collect, use, disclose and protect clients' personal health information.

Respecting a client's right to make their own decisions about their care, even when the PSW would choose differently.

A committee of worker and employer representatives that identifies hazards and recommends health and safety improvements in the workplace.

A legal document in which a person names someone to make personal care decisions for them if they become incapable (Ontario Substitute Decisions Act, 1992).

The set of tasks a PSW is trained for and authorized to perform by the employer and the client's care plan. Anything outside it must be declined and referred to the supervisor.

Giving full attention to the speaker, using eye contact and open body language, paraphrasing and clarifying to confirm understanding, and not interrupting.

A factual, objective written record of an unexpected event such as a fall, error or injury, completed promptly and filed according to employer policy.

Speaking up on a client's behalf so their rights, needs and wishes are respected, using the proper channels such as the supervisor.

Emotional and physical exhaustion from caring for people in distress. Self-care, boundaries, rest and peer support help prevent it.

The duty to protect a client's personal and health information and to share it only with those who need it to provide care.

The ability to respect and respond to the beliefs, values and practices of clients from diverse backgrounds. When unsure, ask the client about their preferences rather than assume.

The process by which a regulated professional authorized to perform a controlled act transfers it to another person for a specific client, with training and ongoing direction.

A client's voluntary agreement to care after receiving information about its purpose, risks and alternatives. Under the Health Care Consent Act, 1996, consent can be withdrawn at any time.

Care that treats the client as a unique individual, builds care around their needs, values, preferences and goals, and involves the client as a partner in decisions.

A therapeutic relationship focuses entirely on the client's needs and is limited by professional boundaries, while a friendship is mutual and meets both people's needs.

Follow employer policy, recognize warning signs and triggers, protect self and others, and report all incidents promptly.

A list of rights residents hold under the Fixing Long-Term Care Act, 2021, including being treated with dignity and respect, being free from abuse and neglect, and having privacy.

Supports clients and families with psychosocial concerns, community resources, and care transitions.

The Fixing Long-Term Care Act, 2021, which replaced the Long-Term Care Homes Act, 2007 when it came into force in April 2022.

Report it immediately and honestly to the supervisor and complete the required documentation. Hiding errors puts clients at risk.

Report the change to the supervisor or nurse. A PSW must not change the care plan independently.

Gather the facts, identify the issue, consider the client's rights and policies, consult the supervisor, act within scope, and document.

Immediately and verbally to the nurse or supervisor, then document it. Do not wait until the end of the shift.

Only in a private setting with team members who are directly involved in that client's care. Never in public areas, on social media, or with friends and family.

A person authorized by law (such as an attorney for personal care or a guardian) to make care decisions for a client who lacks capacity.

No. Perform hand hygiene before putting gloves on and after taking them off, and change gloves between tasks and between clients.

Keep cleaning products and medications in their original labelled containers in a secured area, never mix chemicals, and take extra care around clients who are confused. Follow WHMIS labels.

Test the water with a thermometer or the inside of the wrist before the client gets in, and let the client check it too. Typical bath water is about 38 to 43 degrees Celsius.

Keep floors dry and clutter-free, ensure good lighting, keep personal items and the call bell within reach, and keep wheels locked.

Ontario guidance specifies at least 15 seconds of friction, while many programs teach 20 seconds. Follow the employer's policy.

At least every 2 hours, or as stated in the care plan.

Hold it away from the body, do not shake it, bag it at the point of use, and never place it on the floor.

Toward the client's stronger side, so the strong leg bears weight and leads the movement.

On the stronger side. The cane and the weaker leg move forward together.

Extra measures used along with Routine Practices for clients with known or suspected infections spread by contact, droplet or airborne routes.

Face drooping, arm weakness and speech difficulty (FAST). Time matters, so call 911 immediately.

Semi-sitting positions: semi-Fowler's is about 30 to 45 degrees, Fowler's about 45 to 60 degrees, and high-Fowler's about 60 to 90 degrees.

Movement of joints through their normal range. Active ROM is done by the client, passive ROM by the caregiver, and active-assist ROM by both. Stop if the client feels pain.

The baseline infection prevention practices applied to every client at all times, including hand hygiene, risk assessment, appropriate PPE, and safe handling of sharps and waste.

Before initial client or environment contact, before an aseptic procedure, after body fluid exposure risk, and after client or environment contact.

Physical (belts, vests), chemical (medication used to control behaviour) and environmental (barriers that limit movement, such as locked doors).

Wide base of support, bend at the knees, keep the back straight, hold the load close, avoid twisting, push or slide rather than pull, and use the legs, not the back.

Hands clutching the throat, inability to speak or cough, difficulty breathing, and panic. Give abdominal thrusts if the airway is completely blocked.

Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host. Breaking any link stops the spread.

Shear occurs when skin stays in place while deeper tissue slides, such as when a client slides down in bed. Friction occurs when skin rubs against a surface. Lift clients rather than drag them.

Clear pathways, good lighting, non-skid footwear, call bell within reach, locked wheels and brakes, and assistance with mobility as stated in the care plan.

100 to 120 compressions per minute at a depth of about 5 to 6 cm, allowing full chest recoil between compressions.

Pull the pin, Aim at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, Sweep side to side.

Rescue, Alarm, Contain (close doors), and Extinguish or Evacuate.

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System. It uses labels, safety data sheets (SDS) and worker education.

The hazards of a product, safe handling and storage, protective measures, and first aid and emergency procedures.

Staff do not manually lift clients and instead use mechanical lifts, transfer aids and assistive devices to reduce the risk of injury.

Intact skin with non-blanchable redness that does not fade when pressed. Report it right away.

It gives the caregiver a secure grip around the client's waist when assisting with standing, transfers and walking.

An automated external defibrillator analyzes heart rhythm and delivers a shock if needed. Turn it on, attach the pads, follow the voice prompts, and make sure no one touches the client during analysis or shock.

Designing tasks, equipment and the workspace to fit the worker, which reduces strain and musculoskeletal injury.

Moving clients through fire doors to a safe compartment on the same floor, away from the fire, instead of using stairs. It is used in care settings where many residents cannot use stairs.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium resistant to many antibiotics and spread mainly by contact.

A fit-tested N95 respirator and a negative-pressure room with the door closed. Examples: tuberculosis, measles and chickenpox.

Cleaning removes soil and debris, disinfecting reduces most microorganisms on surfaces, and sterilizing destroys all microbial life including spores.

Restraints are used only as a last resort after alternatives have failed, for the shortest time, with proper authorization and monitoring.

A semi-prone, side-lying position with the lower arm behind the body and the upper knee bent, used for rectal care and to relieve pressure.

Hand hygiene.

Gown, mask or respirator, eye protection, then gloves. Perform hand hygiene first.

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, a bacterium resistant to vancomycin and spread mainly by contaminated hands and equipment.

No smoking, open flames or sparks nearby, keep oxygen away from heat sources, secure tanks upright, and use only the prescribed flow rate.

Gloves and a gown on entering the room, removed before leaving. Examples of infections: MRSA, VRE and C. difficile.

A surgical or procedure mask and eye protection when within about 2 metres of the client. Example: influenza.

Remove the most contaminated items first. A typical sequence is gloves, gown, eye protection, then mask, with hand hygiene afterward. Follow the employer's protocol.

Check the lift and sling for damage, confirm the correct sling and weight capacity, lock wheels where required, explain to the client, and use the required number of staff.

Wash the area with soap and water, report immediately to the supervisor, and follow the exposure protocol, including medical assessment.

Do not lift the client, stay with them, call the nurse, and let the nurse assess before any movement. Then report and complete an incident report.

Stay home and notify the employer. Working while symptomatic can spread infection to vulnerable clients.

Stop using it, tag it as out of service, and report it to the supervisor according to policy.

Lock the brakes, move or swing away the footrests, make sure the client has non-skid footwear, and explain the transfer.

When hands are visibly soiled, and after caring for a client with C. difficile or diarrhea, because alcohol does not reliably kill C. difficile spores.

Over bony prominences such as the sacrum, heels, hips, elbows, shoulder blades, back of the head and ears.

Slightly behind and to the weaker side, holding the gait belt for support.

Class A. Class B is for flammable liquids, Class C is for electrical fires, and Class K is for cooking oils and fats.

The supervisor or nurse, immediately. Ongoing hazards are also raised through the employer's process or the JHSC.

Closed doors slow the spread of fire and smoke and protect other areas. This is the Contain step of RACE.

If raised to stop a client from getting out of bed they restrict movement, and they carry an entrapment risk. They require assessment and authorization.

Many scenario questions ask for the safest action, so the safety and IPAC principles apply in every module, from personal care to dementia care.

So the client can summon help at any time, which reduces falls, anxiety, and unsafe attempts to move alone.

Recapping is a leading cause of needlestick injuries. Sharps go straight into a puncture-resistant sharps container.